Time Expressions
A2
Adverbs
Time expressions mark temporal reference and locate events relative to the speech moment or another event. Turkish uses lexical adverbs, case-marked nouns, and postpositional structures to express temporal relations.
1. Simple Temporal Adverbs
Lexical adverbs express temporal reference without inflection.
Examples:
bugün (today)
yarın (tomorrow)
dün (yesterday)
şimdi (now)
az önce (a moment ago)
birazdan (soon)
Examples in sentences:
Bugün geliyorum. (I am coming today.)
Yarın görüşürüz. (We will meet tomorrow.)
Az önce aradım. (I called a moment ago.)
2. Time Nouns with Case Marking
2.1. Locative (-DA)
Marks habitual or ongoing time frames.
Examples:
Sabahları çalışırım. (I work in the mornings.)
Akşamları yürürüz. (We walk in the evenings.)
Kışın erken hava kararır. (In winter it gets dark early.)
2.2. Ablative (-DAn)
Marks temporal origin or starting point.
Examples:
Dünden beri buradayım. (I have been here since yesterday.)
Sabahtan sonra çıkarım. (I leave after the morning.)
2.3. Dative (-(y)A)
Marks temporal goal or endpoint.
Examples:
Yaza kadar bekleriz. (We wait until summer.)
Geceye doğru yola çıkarlar. (They set off toward the night.)
3. Postpositional Time Expressions
3.1. önce (before) — takes ablative
Pattern: Noun + -DAn + önce
Examples:
Yemekten önce buluştuk. (We met before the meal.)
Senden önce geldim. (I arrived before you.)
3.2. sonra (after) — takes ablative
Pattern: Noun + -DAn + sonra
Examples:
Dersten sonra çıkıyorum. (I leave after class.)
İşten sonra görüşelim. (Let’s meet after work.)
3.3. beri (since) — takes ablative
Examples:
Dünden beri yağmur yağıyor. (It has been raining since yesterday.)
Sabahtan beri buradayız. (We have been here since morning.)
3.4. kadar (until) — takes nominative or dative
Both forms are standard in temporal reference.
Patterns:
Noun (Nominative) + kadar
Noun + -(y)A + kadar
Examples:
Akşama kadar bekledik. (We waited until evening.)
Yaza kadar buradayız. (We are here until summer.)
Geceye kadar çalıştım. (I worked until the night.)
4. Duration Expressions
4.1. Bare Duration Nouns
Examples:
iki saat bekledik (we waited two hours)
bir yıl çalıştı (he/she worked one year)
4.2. Accusative Duration
Marks the length of the event.
Examples:
Beni bir saat bekledi. (He/she waited for me for an hour.)
Üç gün kaldı. (He/she stayed three days.)
4.3. boyunca (throughout)
Examples:
Gece boyunca çalıştım. (I worked throughout the night.)
Yıl boyunca devam etti. (It continued throughout the year.)
5. Frequency + Time Expressions
Frequency adverbs combine with time nouns to mark recurrent time reference.
Examples:
Her gün çalışıyorum. (I work every day.)
Her hafta toplantı var. (There is a meeting every week.)
6. Time Ordering
Examples:
Önce konuştuk. (First we spoke.)
Sonra ayrıldık. (Then we left.)
En sonunda karar verdik. (Finally we decided.)
Examples
Bugün geliyorum. (I am coming today.)
Dünden beri bekliyorum. (I have been waiting since yesterday.)
Yaza kadar buradayız. (We are here until summer.)
Akşama kadar kaldım. (I stayed until evening.)
Dersten sonra görüşelim. (Let’s meet after class.)
Sabahtan beri buradayız. (We have been here since morning.)
İki saat bekledik. (We waited two hours.)
Birazdan başlıyor. (It starts soon.)
Notes
Postpositions önce, sonra, beri require ablative marking.
kadar may combine with nominative or dative time nouns.
Duration may be expressed with bare or accusative-marked nouns.
Time Expressions – FAQ (A2)
Q: How are simple time words like bugün, yarın, and dün used in Turkish?
A: These words are lexical adverbs and do not take any suffixes. They directly indicate time and can appear freely in the sentence without inflection.
Q: Which case suffixes are commonly used with time expressions in Turkish?
A: Time nouns can take different case suffixes: locative -DA for habitual time, ablative -DAn for a starting point in time, and dative -(y)A for an endpoint or direction in time.
Q: Which postpositions are used to express time relations like “before,” “after,” and “since”?
A: The postpositions önce, sonra, and beri are used with time nouns and require the ablative suffix -DAn.