Reported speech in Turkish is formed with nominalized clauses using –DIK and –AcAK.

Relative clauses are formed with participles –(y)An and –DIK.

Relative clauses may take case marking and function as full noun phrases.

Turkish uses –mAk and –mA to express actions as nouns.

Nominalized clauses function as subjects and objects in sentences.

The conditional suffix –sA expresses real and general conditions.

Unreal conditions are expressed with past reference and conditional forms.

Passive forms background or remove the agent of the verb.

Causative forms express that an action is caused by another participant.

Compound tenses combine past reference with aspectual meaning.

Future-in-the-past forms express unrealized or reported future events.

Adverbial clauses express time, sequence, and reason relations.

Purpose and reason relations are expressed through clause structures.

The suffix –miş expresses indirect evidence and speaker stance.

Modal forms express necessity, possibility, and obligation.

Word order encodes topic and focus relations in Turkish.

Lexical aspect describes event types and aspectual meaning.

Discourse connectors express cause, contrast, and continuation.